Interpretation and Application of Statutory Legislation Essay

Interpretation and Application of Statutory Legislation - Essay Example The statutory legislation that relates to said areas may be raised by the member as private bill shall also require the assent of Royal Queen. The example of this sort of legislation is Interpretation Act 1978 (Slapper & Kelly 89). The courts while deciding the cases of statutory legislation binds to take into consideration the prevalent laws, applicable rules and a set of precedence in similar cases for the purpose of clarity and to identify the loopholes in existing laws. The ambiguous laws need to be addressed by the parliamentarian to streamline in light of the court decision. Many rules are known as collective rules in terms of its statutory interpretation. The competent court of law applies different rules in different scenarios besides the decisions of other courts to decide the matter (Slapper & Kelly 134). The three rules as golden rule, literal rule and the mischief rule are applied by the court to assess the objective of legislation that has passed by the constitutionalist . The golden rule may be used where the literal rule leads to an absurd status. In specific situation courts do not go for interpretation of legislation (Slapper & Kelly 133). Statutes imposing taxation or penalty are subject to detailed assessment to address identified ambiguity for resolution. The statutory interpretation is generally based on three rules as mentioned herein above. Strict application of literal rule in the eyes of judges has no significance. The strict literal interpretation culminates absurdness. The golden rule outside the purview of the act, hence the court can apply mischief rule. However, English courts are more literal in their approach than in most other territorial jurisdictions (Wolfe 69). Mischief rule was favored by the Law Commission in view of the purposive approach to interpret the law. In the larger interest of justice, judges should find out the intention of parliament concerning the purpose of specific legislation. In England, mentioned rules, come to surface 200 years ago. With the assumption of role as law makers by the parliamentarians, the common law and the royal prerogative become in fructuous. Until then, the cour ts regarded statutes as an instrument to plug the holes of the common law. The law makers expect that courts should treat the exact wordings of Acts as the voice of the legislature. Here, we may cite Sussex peerage 1844 case to express the rule. The role of parliament is to enact statutory legislation to address the particular issue, which should not be in conflict of the constitution in force (Morrison 129). The intention of the law makers

Financial Strategy in the Emergent Countries Essay

Financial Strategy in the Emergent Countries - Essay Example Though, despite of vital up to date developments in hypothetical and to some point experiential, phases of the macroeconomics of economical policy, contemporary analyses have until at present failed to address the key issue of what establishes a nation's financial posture. (GREGORY, John Milton, 2008) In an expression, the dilemma is that economists for the majority of the time treat monetary policy as exogenous and deem the legislator to be similar to a programmable mechanism. Awfully there is very little literature available that addresses the issues like: Even very fewer studies have adapted contemporary economical analysis to solicit the category of institutions or lawful arrangements that will assist to sustain financial restraint and uphold stabilization efforts. (GREGORY, John Milton, 2008) The conventional literature on price increases in developing countries had paid attention on three core determinants of inflationary strains which are funds generation, economic imbalances and cost-push fundamentals. (GREGORY, John Milton, 2008) While the primary two aspects have been accentuated by the authors of a monitory influence, cost factors have played a decisive role in the structuralist theories urbanized throughout the 1950s-1960s. (GREGORY, John Milton, 2008) However, the majority of the current researches on price increases and stabilization have reallocated their concentration away from conventional direct economic causes of price increases such as funds creation, in the direction of political along with institutional determinants of inflationary forces. It is necessary for developing economies to focus on the methods like cost-shifting and externalities in array to maintain the pace of GDP growth rate in the times of global recession. (GREGORY, John Milton, 2008) This paper hereby highlights the significance and effects of cost-shifting and externalities in the economies of the developing countries. Cost-Shifting and Its Impacts An imperative characteristic as illustrated in diagram 2.2 is the relation among production and reproduction work in a social order structured around funds and earnings. As reproduction job is unwaged, the capability of viable institutions to valve into it provides growth to the likelihood to save capital and trim down costs. (DAHL, Robert Alan, 1992) It is evident that in this era of globalization the demands for cost reduction and increased efficiency have escalated from business institutions constrain to endure a viable conflict to governmental drive to trim down expenditures in array to struggle with a non-existent price increases. (DAHL, Robert Alan, 1992) There are majorly duo methods to trim down costs: 1. technological change 2. Cost-shifting "Technological change" entails the preamble of latest machinery that boosts labor efficiency and accordingly permits a diminution in unit cost. In a profit-driven civilization, this technological modification usually fallout in an employment affects i.e. amplification in unemployment

Capacity Planning And Decisions

Capacity Planning And Decisions Capacity planning is one of the key aspects of operations management as it determines the amount of goods or services which can be produced within a given time duration. Too less capacity indicates that customers wont be satisfied and too much capacity would result in the operation being under-utilized with resultant high fixed costs and also affecting breakeven and profitability. A company, when it has to increase its capacity it has various options to consider, from working overtime to building a new facility or a plant. Forecasting demand is critical to capacity planning and companies can adopt different strategies of capacity planning, to ensure customer satisfaction and maintain the operations well within their budget and other constraints. Short term capacity planning is very important for any company be it a product based or a service based company especially when there are seasonal demands, as those demands are totally unpredictable and there cant a permanent plan in place fo r short term capacity planning for seasonal demands. Momentary plans like employee overtime, subcontracting have to be considered and the best among them and that incur least cost have to be selected and implemented and this has been discussed in detail in this project. Chapter-1 Capacity Planning Decisions 1.1 Capacity Planning Firstly, Capacity of any facility is said to be the rate of productive capability of it. Capacity otherwise can be assumed as the rate at which a facility produces or in simple words, it is the ability of a facility to produce a certain level of output within a specific time period. When a firm decides to produce more of a product or plans to produce altogether a new product, it always starts with deciding how much capacity is needed considering the factors that affect capacity such as number of workers and machines, skill set of workers, defects, suppliers, government regulationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. This is termed as Capacity Planning. 1.2 Need for Capacity Planning A firm can determine its facility location and choose the process technologies only after it has found out a need for new or expanded facilities by evaluating the capacity or capacity planning. Lack of capacity planning can result in under or over capacity and would incur unnecessary costs in exploring ways to reduce or increase capacity. Lack of capacity planning can also trigger a series of undesirable events such as poor delivery services, an increase in work-in-process and bring about dissatisfaction in the minds of the sales personnel and the team involved in manufacturing. Decision making such as producing new products, expanding productionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc can be difficult without proper capacity planning. 1.3 Determinants of Capacity The determinants of capacity are: Facilities Product and Service Factors Process Factors Manpower Factors Operational Factors Supply Chain Factors External Factors 1.4 How important are capacity decisions? Capacity decisions have its impacts on many different verticals of a firm. Firstly it affects the ability to meet future demands, as without capacity planning if not done keeping in mind the future demands leads to a shortage of products. If capacity is underestimated or overestimated it directly affects the operating costs as if capacity is overestimated the operating costs involved would get wasted and if underestimated the measures taken to fix it may cost a lot and so is the way it affects the initial costs too. And all these factors affect many other factors such as the competitiveness, managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. 1.5 How are Capacity Decisions made? Assessment of Existing Capacity Forecasting Future Capacity Needs Identification of Ways to Modify Capacity Evaluation of Financial, Economical, and Technological Capacity Alternatives Selection of a Capacity Alternative most suited to achieving strategic mission 1.6 Measuring Capacity Measuring capacity is simple for certain organizations. Reynolds, can use number of ballpoint pens produced per year, Hyundai Motors can use number of automobiles per year. But for organizations whose product lines are more diverse it is difficult to find out a common unit of output. As an alternative, capacity can be expressed in terms of input. A consultancy can express its capacity in terms of the number of consultants employed per year. A lathe shop may express capacity in terms of available labor hours or machine hours per week, month, or year. Following table shows some examples of capacity measures. Measures of Operating Capacity Output Organization Measure Automobile Manufacturer Number of Autos Brewery Barrels of Beer Cannery Tons of Food Steel Producer Tons of Steel Power Company Megawatts of electricity Input Organization Measure Airline Number of Seats Hospital Number of Beds Job Shop Labor and/or machine hours Merchandising Square Feet of Display or Sales Area Movie Theatre Number of Seats Restaurant Number of seats or table Tax Office Number of Accountants University Number of Students and/or faculty Warehouse Square or cubic feet of storage space Source: Productions and Operations Management, Text Book Day to day variations such as employees being absent or late, breakdowns of machines, downtime required for facility maintenance and repair make it often difficult to measure capacity realistically. A facility can in some cases operate at more than 100% capacity. Chapter-2 Estimating Future Capacity Needs 2.1 Capacity requirements can be evaluated from two different perspectives viz. short term and long term. 2.1.1 Short-Term Requirements Managers often use forecasting of product demand for estimating the short term work load the facility should be handling. By looking forward up to 12 months, managers expect output requirements for different products or services following which they compare requirements with currently existing capacity and find out when capacity adjustments are to be made. 2.1.2 Long-Term Requirements Long term capacity requirements are tougher to determine as future demand and technologies are uncertain. Forecasting five or ten years into the future is a risky and a tough job. A product existing today may not even exist in the future. It is easily visible that long range capacity requirements depend on marketing plans, product development, and the life cycles of the products. Changes in process technology should also be expected. Even if products remain unchanged, the methods for generating them may change drastically. Capacity planning should be involving forecasting of technology as well as product demand. 2.2 Strategies for Modifying Capacity After currently existing and the future capacity requirements are determined, alternatives ways of modifying capacity must be found out. 2.2.1 Short Term Responses For short-term periods of up to one year, basic capacity is fixed. Majority of the facilities are rarely opened or closed on a regular monthly or yearly basis. Many short-term adjustments for increasing or decreasing capacity are possible anyway. The adjustments to be made depend on if the conversion process is mostly labor or capital intensive and if the product is one that can be stored in the inventory. Capital-intensive processes depend a lot on physical facilities, plant, and equipment. Short term capacity can be modified by operating these facilities more or less intensively than normal. The costs of setting up, changing over, and maintaining facilities, procuring raw materials and manpower, managing inventory, and scheduling can all be modified by making such capacity changes. 2.2.2 Long Term Responses From World War 2 through the 1960s, the US economy was booming and scaling great heights. Since the 1970s, the United States has faced problems of scarcity of resources and a more competitive economy. Organizations today cannot be constrained into thinking only about expanding the resource base; they must also consider appropriate approaches to contracting it. Example: A warehousing operation foresees the need for an additional 100,000 square feet of space by the end of the next five years. One option is to add an additional 50,000 square feet now and another 50,000 square feet after two years. Another option is to add the entire 100,000 square feet now. Estimating costs for building the entire addition now are $50/square foot. If expanded incrementally, the initial 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet to be added later are estimated at $80/square foot. Which alternative is better? At a minimum, the lower construction costs plus excess capacity costs of total construction now must be compared with higher costs of deferred construction. The operations manager must consider the costs, benefits, and risks of each option. Source: Productions and Operations Management by Everett E. Adam, Jr. Ronald J. Ebert 2.3 Classification of Capacity Planning based on Time Long Term Capacity Planning Short Term Capacity Planning 2.3.1 Long Term Capacity Planning Long Term capacity planning solves strategic issues involving the firms major production facilities. Also, long-term capacity issues are interrelated to location planning. Technology and the ability to transfer the processes to other products are also interrelated to long-term capacity planning. Long-term capacity planning may come in to the picture when short-term amendments in capacity are scarce. For instance, if a firm adds a third shift to its present two-shift plan and if the output is still insufficient, and also if subcontracting options are unavailable, one practical alternative is adding capital equipment and modifying the layout of the plant. An additional space or constructing an additional facility can also be alternatives. 2.3.2 Short Term Capacity Planning In the short term, capacity planning concerns issues related to scheduling, labor shifts, and balancing resource capacities. The goal of short-term capacity planning is to manage unexpected shifts in demand in an efficiently economic way. The time frame for short-term planning is often only a few days but may go on as long as six months. Alternatives for making short-term changes in capacity are numerous and can even take decisions to not meet demand at all. A very easy and most commonly-used method to increase capacity in the short term is working overtime. This is a very flexible and least expensive alternative. While the firm has to pay one and one half times the normal labor rate, it is saved from the expenses of hiring, training, and paying additional benefits. When not used abusively, most workers welcome the opportunity to earn extra wages. If overtime does not provide enough short-term capacity, other alternatives are also available. These include adding shifts, employing cas ual or part time workers, the use of floating workers, leasing workers, and facilities subcontracting. Firms may also increase the capacity by improving the use of their resources. The most common alternatives in this category are employee/labor cross training and overlapping or staggering shifts. Most manufacturing firms inventory some output ahead of demand so that any need for a capacity change in future is absorbed by the inventory buffer. From a technical angle, firms may initiate a process design aimed at increasing productivity at work stations. Manufacturers can also shift demand to avoid fluctuations in capacity requirement by backlogging, queuing demand, or lengthening the firms lead times. Service firms achieve the same results through scheduling appointments and reservations. A more creative approach is to modify the output. Standardizing the output or offering complimentary services are examples of the same. In services, customers might be allowed to do some of the process work themselves (e.g., self-service fuel pumps and fast-food restaurants). Another alternative reduc ing quality is an undesirable yet possible trick. Finally, the firm may take steps to modify demand. Changing the price and promoting the product are common. Another alternative is to split demand by initiating a yield or revenue management system. Utilities also report success in shifting demand by the use of off-peak pricing. 2.4 When capacity doesnt meet demand? When capacity doesnt equal demand, then in short term capacity planning, it can be managed by temporary measures such as increasing or decreasing the labor force or creating and carrying inventory in the lean period to be used in the peak demand period. If there happens to be a mismatch between demand and capacity in long term capacity planning, it can be handled by changing or modifying the capacity. If the capacity is short then a new facility can be built or expand the existing facility. In case of an excess capacity then a temporary shutdown/sale/consolidation of facilities would help. 2.5 Best Operating Level Source: Operations Management by William J Stevenson The term capacity means an attainable rate of output but mentions nothing about till what point of time that rate can be sustained. Thus, if we say that a given plant has a capacity of x units, we do not know if it is a one-day peak or a six-month average. To avoid this issue, the concept of best operating level is brought into being. This is the level of capacity for which the process was designed and thus is the volume of output at which average unit cost is at a minimum. When the output of the facility falls below this level (underutilization), average unit cost will increase as overhead must be allocated to fewer units. Above this level (overutilization), average unit cost also increases-here due to overtime, increased equipment wear, and heightened defect rates. 2.6 Capacity Planning Models Present Value Analysis: It is used to evaluate the time of capital investment and fund flows. Aggregate Planning Models: It helps in examining the way of using the existing capacity for short term planning. Break Even Analysis: It determines the minimum break down volumes of production. Linear Programming: It helps in determining the optimum product mix for maximizing contribution, considering the constraints imposed by capacity. Computer Simulation: It is helpful in determining the effects of various scheduling policies. 2.7 Economies of Scale This well known principle of Economics illustrates the relationship between cost and capacity in an operating system. When output increases in an operating system, the system is likely to experience cost benefits on various factors. Due to the following reasons the average unit cost begins to fall with the rise in output level: Spreading the fixed costs of capacity over a larger output. Improved utilization of several resources in the system. Cost benefit in procurement on account of increased volume. Efficient use of supervisory and management staff. The economies of scale cease to occur beyond a level of production or output. This is called Diseconomies of Scale. There can be several reasons for this: Inefficient management due to large size of operation and the resulting lack of coordination. Overuse of machines and break down of material handling equipments. Over hiring of employees, or overtime exceeding justifiable limits. Service slows down due to increasing complexities. Increase in quality degradations because of mismanagement and lack of focus. An Example for Economies of Scale: Economies/Diseconomies of Scale Source: Microeconomics by Robert S. Pindyck, Daniel L. Rubinfeld, Prem L. Mehta Chapter-3 Capacity Planning Techniques 3.1 Capacity Planning Techniques There are four procedures for capacity planning; capacity planning using overall factors (CPOF), capacity bills, resource profiles, and capacity requirements planning (CRP). The first three are roughly cut approaches that involve analysis to identify potential bottlenecks that can be used with or without manufacturing resource planning (MRP) systems. CRP is used along with MRP systems. Capacity using overall factors is a simple and a manual approach to capacity planning that is based on the master production schedule (MPS) and production standards that convert required units of finished goods into historical loads on each work station. Bills of capacity are a procedure based on the MPS. Instead of using historical ratios, it uses the bills of material and routing sheet that shows the sequence or work stations required to produce the part, as well as the setup and run time. Capacity requirements can then be determined by multiplying the number of units required by the MPS by the time required to manufacture each. Resource profiles are the same as bills of capacity, except lead times being included so that workloads fall into the correct periods. Capacity requirements planning (CRP) is applicable only in companies using MRP or MRP II. CRP uses the information from one of the previous rough-cut methods, plus MRP outputs on existing inventories and lot sizing. The result will be a tabular load report for each work station or a graphical load profile for helping plan-production requirements. This will tell where capacity is not adequate or idle, allowing for imbalances to be corrected by shifts in personnel or equipment or the use of overtime or added shifts. Finite capacity scheduling is an extension of CRP that simulates job order stopping and starting to produce a detailed schedule that provides a set of start and finish dates for each operation at each work station. A failure to understand the very nature of managing capacity can lead to disorder and serious cus tomer service issues. If there is a mismatch between available and required capacity, adjustments should be made. However, it should be taken care that firms cannot Have perfectly-balanced material and capacity plans that easily accommodate emergency orders. If flexibility is the companys competitive priority, excess capacity would be appropriate. 3.2 Utilization and Efficiency Utilization is the percentage of design capacity achieved. Utilization = Actual Output/Design Capacity Efficiency is the percentage of effective capacity achieved. Efficiency = Actual Output/Effective Capacity Bakery Example: Actual production last week = 148,000 rolls Effective capacity = 175,000 rolls Design capacity = 1,200 rolls per hour Bakery operates 7 days/week, 3 8 hour shifts Design capacity = (7 x 3 x 8) x (1,200) = 201,600 rolls Utilization = 148,000/201,600 = 73.4% Efficiency = 148,000/175,000 = 84.6% Efficiency = 84.6% Efficiency of new line = 75% Expected Output = (Effective Capacity)(Efficiency) = (175,000)(.75) = 131,250 rolls 3.3 Managing Demand There are three cases in which demand has to be managed and they are: Demand Exceeding Capacity Control demand by raising prices, scheduling longer lead time Long term solution is to increase the capacity Capacity exceeds demand Stimulate market Product changes Adjusting to SEASONAL DEMANDS Produce products with complimentary demand patterns Capacity planning in short time or short term capacity planning to meet seasonal demands is explained in detail in the following sections. Chapter-4 Seasonal Demands 4.1 Seasonal Demands Seasonal Demands are those demands those cause unusually large ups or downs in demand. Seasonal demand occurs in a number of different scenarios; most frequent of them is listed in the following: Natural seasonal variations (e.g. greater demand for ice cream in summer and for cold remedies in winter). Specific calendar linked Events like Diwali (Crackers, sweets), Mothers Day (e.g. greetings cards and flowers), and Christmas. Regular every day Promotions that can happen frequently and semi-randomly throughout a year. 4.2 Impacts and Challenges of Seasonal Demand Managing seasonal demand getting a good forecast done, planning production and procurement and managing the fulfillment process introduces considerable additional challenges into the process that is already complex. For most manufacturers, the two key and important planning processes are Forecasting Demand Planning, and Production Planning Scheduling. The challenge in Forecasting and Demand Planning is mainly handling the high demand volatility and variability, and unexpected demands. Specifically, promotions events tend to cause most of the issues, and result in much larger and more frequent demand spikes and dips than natural seasonal variations. If these are not planned well in a timely fashion and introduced into downstream production and distribution plans, the result can be significant reduction in manufacturing and distribution efficiencies, increase in costs, lower customer service levels and satisfaction and all these ultimately can result in a lost business. In Planning and Scheduling, the greatest of problems is dealing with frequent changes in forecasts and orders. The ability to react swiftly while making the best decision on the way of satisfying demand is often the desired strategy of Make to Order manufacturers. For manufacturers who are unable to meet peak demand because of capacity constraints, and for those that Make to Stock or use a combined MTO/MTS strategy, tactical planning requires careful tweaking of demand and production in order to plan for a suitable pre-building of inventory and to ensure that the long lead time items are purchased in synchronization with the modified production plans. Manufacturers, of course, may, to solve some or all of their capacity issues, resort to sub-contracting. The recent upward trend in contract manufacturing, and the increase in virtual manufacturing, that is, purchasing and distributing products from foreign countries significantly add to the overall supply chain complexity. In this, with very long supply lead times, accuracy of forecast is again paramount, and, the ability to give your suppliers precise projections of your requirements in a timely manner is one of the most critical factors. Despite the push of lean strategies and principles of customer driven supply chain, one of the most common ways of dealing with any type of demand uncertainty in many of the companies of today still appears to be to insure against the uncertainty by holding an extra inventory across the supply chain which is an expensive and unacceptable solution. 4.3 Focus on Customers and Demand Getting the demand right approach benefits every subsequent supply chain planning and execution processes from production planning, through sourcing and procurement to fulfillment and this result in reduced costs as well as improvements in the top line sales and market share. On the other hand, getting the demand wrong adds cost to almost all downstream processes, severely affecting competitiveness and again ultimately results in losing the business. In forecasting and demand planning, one very much visible guideline is to focus more on the abnormal than the normal. This does not mean not paying attention to natural seasonal variations, but paying more attention on promotions and events as these are the things that almost cause the highest volatility in demand always and are the most tough to handle. Putting in extra efforts to ensure you understand your customers and the authentic sources of demand can also pay very good dividends. Many manufacturers still use their customers demand from on their warehouses but frequently, their customers ordering process is not that good and is a poor source of history of demands or demand trends. Wherever possible, its a lot better to have eyes on the actual source of demand, namely the consumer. Using their customers POS data as part of the demand planning process often gives much better idea of the actual demand. The ability to maximize and continuously improve forecast accuracy is very important. Increasing sales and market share with the help of improved perfect order performance and influencing and creating demand is equally important. Focusing well on demand and getting nearer to your customers is an essential requirement to achieve these goals. Chapter-5 Conclusion Conclusion Short term capacity planning to meet seasonal demands, thus is critical for any company and proper forecasting of seasonal demands and a proper plan to meet all those seasonal demands should be in place. Any flaw in this, can lead to high inventory costs, employee dissatisfaction, deteriorating customer service levels and high customer dissatisfaction that leads to losing the customers and ultimately losing the business. A firm should be at vigil all the time to see the changes happening in demands and should keep changing its strategies of short term capacity planning and achieve and sustain an outstanding business value. Appendix

Identity and Belonging Context Essay Essay

A strong sense of identity & belonging are vital for personal happiness. Intro; Imagine youre a child on a playground who is bullied. You feel rejected and left out. At home with your family you are comforted and warm, and you are able to play games and do what you like, be yourself. Although you do not feel as though you belong at school, you feel as though you belong. This makes you happy. You can be yourself and your identity is not lost when you are at home. Some could argue that this is personal happiness. However it could be stated that because you have not got a strong sense of a identity in the outside world, it is difficult to understand your public identity, therefore perhaps not even have one. Some have multiple identities for different communites in their lives. Humans are not meant to belong to every group there is, our likes and dislikes form our identity and who were are. In saying this, it is important to have a strong sense of who you are and where you belong, regard less of who this is and where this person belongs. Belonging to multiple groups means sometimes changing your identity for these groups. You might be the confident coach of a soccer team, but also the quiet and demure listener of a book reading evry week. Identity is formed around what a person is like. gaga. To not understand oneself adds difficulty in finding where you belong. Perfect chinese children; ‘ Erica doesn’t speak to [her] for the rest of the day. Without knowing why, [she is] ashamed’. Vanessa is ashamed because Erica saw her as resembling the Australians more than an Asian, but she doesn’t understand when she is just as ridiculed as Erica is. This puts Vanessa in a confusing and upsetting place, not knowing who she is and who she belongs with. She doesn’t understand if she is Asian or aussie, and in her world those seem to be the only two places to fit in. If you don’t have an identity, how are you supposed to know where you belong? Youre identity is like a key to your own happiness. If you know who you are, and what you like or don’t like, you know where you belong. An identity crisis can cause you to feel lost and unknown

Communication misunderstandings Essay

Communication misunderstandings happen all the time in business communications, and the consequences can range from annoying to terrible. Here are some simple rules to follow that can save you a world of trouble when communicating with colleagues and partners. Active listening Active listening is one of the best ways to effectively communicate with others. In fact, when we actually listen, misunderstanding is less likely to occur. Active listening is all about building rapport, understanding, and trust. Face the speaker, maintain eye contact, keep an open mind, engage yourself. Ask question Avoid making assumptions based on prejudiced opinions. Ask questions to confirm, whether you are the one sending or receiving the message. Never assume that you know what has been conveyed. If someone conveys a message that is unclear, ask for more clarification Be Aware of Your Verbal and Non-Verbal Language Be certain to clearly convey the same verbal and non-verbal cues. Do not give mixed communication signals. Remember, body language, facial expressions, and tone of speech play a significant part in how messages will be interpreted. For example, if you say something one way, and your facial expression says something else, it is very possible that a miscommunication may occur. Build, rapport the relationship Build rapport when you develop mutual trust, friendship, and empathy with someone. Building rapport can be incredibly beneficial to your career – it opens doors and helps establish good relationships with clients, colleagues, and team members. Manage the conflict situation Learn to resolve problems and conflicts as they arise. Learn how to be an  effective mediator and negotiator. Use your listening skills to hear and understand both sides of any argument – encourage and facilitate people to talk to each other. Try not to be judgemental but instead ease the way for conflict resolution Provide constructive feedback †¢Constructive feedback refers to providing a person with useful information about their approach, skills and/or actions in order to encourage professional and personal development. It includes both what a person is doing well and what they need to improve. you can avoid misunderstandings and check to make sure that your communication is clear. Constructive feedback motivates many who use it to change their behavior, study new things, or adopt new attitudes. The summary is also an opportunity to show your support for the other person and an effective way to conclude even a negative feedback situation on a positive note. If communicating with a person from another culture, become familiar with the needs, cultural expectations and language level of the person. have self-awareness of their own cultural practice, including prejudice, stereotyping and bias understand various cultural factors contributing to cultural differences be sensitive and appreciate a migrant’s migration experience have a good knowledge of, and skills in, communication be able to work with interpreters be willing to accept and appreciate other cultures. Communication channel Channels vary in their information richness. Information-rich channels convey more nonverbal information. As you may be able to guess from our earlier discussion of verbal and written communications, verbal communications are richer than written ones. Research shows that effective managers tend to use more information-rich communication channels than less effective managers. [1]The figure below illustrates the information richness of different information channels. Like face-to-face and telephone  conversation, videoconferencing has high information richness because Receivers and Senders can see or hear beyond just the words—they can see the Sender’s body language or hear the tone of their voice. Handheld devices, blogs, and written letters and memos offer medium-rich channels because they convey words and pictures/photos. Formal written documents, such as legal documents, and spreadsheets, such as the division’s budget, convey the least richness because the format is often rigid and standardized. As a result, nuance is lost. In business, the decision to communicate verbally or in written form can be powerful. In addition, a smart manager is aware of the nonverbal messages conveyed by either type of communication—as noted earlier, only 7% of a verbal communication comes from the words themselves. When determining whether to communicate verbally or in writing, ask yourself:Do I want to convey facts or feelings? Verbal communications are a better way to convey feelings. Written communications do a better job of conveying facts. A breakdown in the communication channel leads to an inefficient flow of information. Employees are unaware of what the company expects of them. They are uninformed of what is going on in the company. This will cause them to become doubtful of motives and any changes in the company. Also without effective communication, employees become department minded rather than company minded, and this affects their decision-making and productivity in the workplace. Eventually, this harms the overall organizational objectives as well. Hence, in order for an organization to be run effectively, a good manager should be able to communicate to his/her employees what is expected of them, make sure they are fully aware of company policies and any upcoming changes. Therefore, an effective communication channel should be implemented by managers to optimize worker productivity to ensure the smooth running of the organization. The key to effective communication is to match the communication channel with  the goal of the communication. [3] For example, written media may be a better choice when the Sender wants a record of the content, has less urgency for a response, is physically separated from the Receiver, doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the Receiver, or the Message is complicated and may take some time to understand. Oral communication, however, makes more sense when the Sender is conveying a sensitive or emotional Message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent record of the conversation. Use the guide provided for deciding when to use written versus verbal communication.

Analysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest - 1734 Words

Abigail Dempsey HAP 315 October 29, 14 Shaw-Sutherland One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In this book written by Ken Kesey, the main character is a man named R.P. McMurphy who tricks people into thinking that he is a psychopath. To McMurphy, the asylum is a get out of jail free card, which quickly turns out to be something else entirely. However, one vital aspect of this book is the way in which it addresses and provides insight upon several contemporary issues relating to the American healthcare system, by illustrating the ways in which our modern healthcare system has improved and grown in the last five decades. This includes the following areas of healthcare: the need for a healthcare reform, the lack of healthy doctor-patient relationships, and the murky definition of mental illness. Healthcare Reform Throughout history there has been a veil of mystery surrounding what truly goes on inside of asylums. This idea is illustrated clearly in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest on multiple occasions. One example can be seen when R. P. McMurphy takes to writing letters to people he knows in order to get them to ask questions about what is really going on. By doing so, he hopes to reveal the truth behind the world he finds himself in. Additionally, in the world of McMurphy, electroshock therapy is still being used. However, this type of therapy was being used less as a cure for illness, and more as a form of discipline, punishment, and pain infliction. According to Weitz in chapterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1179 Words   |  5 PagesOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay: Power Dynamics In The Cuckoo’s Nest â€Å"She aint honest †¦ She likes a rigged game† (Forman One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest Film). Power can be used as a source of evil or heroism. It has the capacity to control and manipulate people. However, it also has the capability to champion freedom and rights for others. In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Nurse Ratchet’s controlling power came from her ability to emasculate the male patients and maintain a sexlessRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1038 Words   |  5 PagesChief Bromden is the main character in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Chief Bromden, also know as â€Å"Chief Broom† is mentally ill in a mental ward. Chief suffers from Schizophrenia, lack of identity, and oppression. Chief Bromden changes throughout the novel by coming out of his fog, becoming aware of his surroundings, and even leaving the mental ward with the help of his friend Mcmurphy. Chief bromden has a large quantity of schizophrenic episodes throughout the book. He suffers fromRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest970 Words   |  4 Pages Major Assignment #2 Psychological Disorders The Movies Movie Title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest PSY 2100 Introductory Psychology Student Name: Caijuan Xu Student No. 040785683 Algonquin College 2015.11.19 â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† is a famous USA movie at November 19, 1975. This movie talks about when Randle Patrick McMurphy was transferred from prison farm to a mental institution, a group people who were diagnosed with mental illness lived here. McMurphy was dynamicRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1306 Words   |  6 PagesBenjamin Wiki - Conformity Intro â€Å"Conformity is behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions.† - One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest The novel is set in the 1960’s inside a mental institution told by a patient, Big Chief Bromden and can be seen as a miniature mirror of society. The wards society is presented as a machine, called the Combine, that makes everyone conform to its strict rules and timetables. All individuality is taken away from the patients, and the happy feelings areRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Subversion of Gender Roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In today s society, as well as in the past, men are typically placed in a position of power over women. Although gender equality is increasing, a more patriarchal society is considered to be the norm. However, in certain situations the gender roles that are played by men and women are reversed, and women hold most, if not all of the power. Such as in Ken Kesey s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest, in this instance the ward is aRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1750 Words   |  7 PagesCaulfield As one is experiencing a life of alienation and loneliness, they may being to act uncontrollable while rebelling against their surroundings, one loses themselves as they feel different than everyone present. Alienation can force an individual to spiral into an abyss of nothingness, nonetheless if one allows others to reach out and inspire than it is possible to break away from the alienation and loneliness. Chief Bromden from the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by KenRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 845 Words   |  4 PagesOne Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is about a mental ward, its patients, and the head nurse, Nurse Ratched, a sadistic woman who overpowers her patients by making them feel small, incompetent, and incapable of belonging to society in a normal manner. Two of the patients, Billy Bibbit, a shy and fearful man with a bad stutter, and R. P. McMurphy, a very smart and outspoken man, each play a big part in the movie. T hey are both examples of wrongful treatment within the institution. In the end, Billy commitsRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2935 Words   |  12 PagesKesey highlights two distinctions between the roles of women in his novel ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’. He places women in two categories, the ‘Ballcutters’ and ‘Whores’ . The ‘Ballcutters’ are presented to have a dominant role over the men within the ‘Combine’ and challenges their masculinity, resulting in them being personified as machines. This is demonstrated when Bromden describes the ‘tip of each finger the same colour as her lips. Funny orange. Like the tip of a soldering iron’ of NurseRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 3755 Words   |  16 Pagestheir gender, suggesting the two are intrinsically linked. In ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’, the patients in the asylum are emasculated by the presence of a powerful woman who controls their fate. These men are not celebrated for their madness as they would have been during the renaissance (Foucault) but rather they are dominated by the â€Å"ball breaker’’ Nurse Ratched. Hence gender and identity in Kesey’s ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’ is the premise for conflict within the asylum and the eventualRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2178 Words   |  9 PagesAlex Farkas Mr. Kendrick AP English Literature June 10, 2017 The Theme of Power in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s nest In Ken Kesey’s â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest†, he uses the concept of power as a theme that is laced throughout his novel in many different forms, most of which are abstract and some of which are tangible objeacts. Kesey uses the arrival of McMurphy as the catalyst for all the events that follow. McMurphy’s clash with Nurse Ratched is a classic example of a power struggle with a

Understanding Violence The Virginia Tech University...

On April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Cho, a 23-year-old college student, shocked the nation when he perpetrated the deadliest shooting massacre in U.S. history. The violent rampage took place on the Virginia Tech University campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, where Cho was a senior majoring in English. Before turning the gun on himself and delivering a fatal gunshot to the head, Cho murdered more than 30 of his classmates and University faculty; numerous others were injured. In a strange twist, several days after the tragedy, a package determined to have been mailed by Cho during the shooting spree was received at NBC News in New York. The package contained photos of Cho posing with guns, as well as video clips and various pages of Cho’s writing.†¦show more content†¦Modern biology is focused more on understanding behavior, like violence and crime, through research on indicators and influences. Rather than attempting to determine a single root cause, researchers are discovering m arkers of predisposition and identifying factors of risk. In a recent interview about his new book, The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime, criminologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Adrian Raine asserts that there is a â€Å"biology of violence† that should not be ignored; â€Å"Just as there’s a biological basis for schizophrenia and anxiety disorders and depression†¦ there’s a biological basis also to recidivistic violent offending† (Gross, 2013). According to Raine, there are documented biological factors associated with violent behavior, however, â€Å"biology is not destiny, and it’s more than biology† (Gross, 2013). One area of increasing scientific research is focused on the role of environmental factors. An interesting connection between behavior and environmental toxins is the possible link between lead exposure in children and later violent crime. Raine hypothesizes that environmental lead exposure of young children in the 50s, 60s and 70s corresponds to a later rise in violence in the 70s, 80s and 90s; a similar correlative decrease in both environmental lead and later violence suggests a causal relationship (Gross,Show MoreRelatedControversial Gun Control Laws882 Words   |  4 Pagesdidn’t take place until the 1920’s and 30’s, almost a century and a half after the second amendment was made. Also, the United States government has written a couple of controversial gun laws over the past 80 years as a result of crimes involving gun violence. However, for every issue, there are different sides of controversy: Those for gun control, against gun control, and the middle ground. But, no matter the view, there will constantly be focus on gun control, and more debates will be held regardingRead MoreGuns on Campus2624 Words   |  11 Pagescollege campus? Kenton L. 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Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and many socialRead MoreManaging Threats Of Campus Violence At Michigan Community Colleges3325 Words   |  14 Pages Dissertation Concept Paper A Case Study: Managing Threats of Campus Violence At Michigan Community Colleges Russ Panico Western Michigan University Fall 2014 A Case Study: Managing Threats of Campus Violence at Michigan Community Colleges Statement of the Problem An unknown factor regarding the management of potential acts of campus violence is how community college administrators use information obtained from campus threat assessments to objectively addressRead MoreThe Violence Of The United States Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesDecember 14,2012 was a historic day being the deadliest mass shooting in a school and third deadliest mass shooting by a single person in U.S history. 20- year old Adam Lanza shot 20 children ages between 6 and 7 as well as six staffs at Sandy Hook Elementary School. The incident left americans raged and furious with public opinions for a stricter gun controls.President Barack Obama came into press at the White House and give words of emotions and honoring the victims of the tragedy. At a point ObamaRead MoreWhy Shootings Are Becoming A Real Danger Of Today s Society983 Words   |  4 PagesProblem/Issue Overview: Mass shootings are becoming a real danger in today’s society. The amounts of shootings have been gradually increasing over the years. Implementing firearms to universities or colleges is likely to increase the amount of mass shootings to occur over time. The Texas government created the campus carry bill to try to prevent shootings from taking place. On August 1, 2016, Texas will allow students and faculty members in private and public universities to carry a concealed firearmRead MoreGun Violence And Gun Control1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed by many people as the Land of the Free; a Land of Opportunities. There has always been a gun culture in America; however it has also been a gun-control culture. Whenever a devastating mass shooting occurs, such as the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, a deliberation about gun violence follows suit. Depending on whom you discuss this with, that case is not always true. There are those that are for gun control and those that ar e against. There are also conspiracy theories that claimRead MoreSafety Policies and Procedures in Schools1074 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Violence in schools has become a growing epidemic. Hearing of a school shooting where students are gunned down for no apparent reason is a reminder of the seemly increasing national problem of school violence. Dewey Cornell (2010) a clinical psychologist and education professor at the University of Virginia suggest that school shooting in â€Å"Columbine High School in Colorado and Virginia Tech has reinforced a perception that schools can be dangerous places† (p.1). Yet, there has beenRead MoreShould Gun Violence Be The Nation Safer? Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pageshad a lot of gun violence recently. Media outlets have recently been covering a fairly consistent amount of stories this. Due to the increase of violence in America, a question has been purposed, would the elimination of guns in civilian hand make civilians safe. To Ban or Not to Ban Gun violence has been a huge debate in social circles, government policies, as well as media. The American Psychological Association (2016) explains gun violence perfectly by stating â€Å"gun violence is an urgent, complexRead MoreA Research Proposal On Preventing School Violence1089 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Preventing School Violence Aim: The primary goal for this proposal is to provide the staff with recommendations to design a research proposal studying the violence in our public schools. Methods of prevention should be discussed on how to prevent reoccurring violence or how we can lessen the opportunities of school violence. These recommendations are ones that create a positive and safe environment for both students and staff. My recommendations will cover the following aspects: †¢ Education